The Representation of Femininity in Euripides Medea Essay

The Representation of Femininity in Euripides Medea Works Cited Not At the time Euripides wrote Medea, Ancient Greece was a patriarchal society: women had little or no rights, and were treated as the weaker sex. Women were expected to stay at home and bear and care for their children, while men went to work ?wives to produce true-born children and to be trustworthy guardians of the household? (Resource Book 3, D5b ? Demosthenes 59.122). Men made the rules, while women were expected to be passive and weak, and were thought to be ?silly creatures? with no mind of their own. This is illustrated in Lysias? speech written for a man whose wife had committed adultery, where the man blames the ?defendant? for seducing his wife. He†¦show more content†¦In the first scene of Euripides? Medea, the Nurse describes the background to the story of how Medea and Jason came to be together, and it is clear that the Nurse is on Medea?s side, she say?s ?Poor Medea? twice in the speech (lines 19 and 32), and again when Medea can be heard wailing from inside the house (line 114). She explains that Medea loved Jason and was quite happy to be the meek and mild wife she was expected to be ?while to Jason she is all obedience ? and in marriage that?s the saving thing, when a wife obediently accepts her husband?s will? (lines 12-15). However, once Jason betrayed her and married Princess Glauce, Medea rejects her feminine side and behaves in a more masculine way. She becomes full of hate and plots revenge on Jason, speaking of him as an enemy to be defeated. ?If I can find a way to work revenge on Jason for his wrongs to me? (lines 258-259) implies that Jason has committed the ultimate sin and she must punish him ? for Medea there is no other way. During the Nurses speech, Medea stays inside the house crying and wailing, displaying the feminine trait of being highly emotional, ?she lies collapsed in agony, dissolving the long hours in tears?, (lines 23-24), as if she is behaving like a woman while in the domain of the house. The Chorus of Corinthian women enter after hearing of Medea?s distress ?I heard that unhappy woman from Colchis still crying, not calm yet? (linesShow MoreRelatedConflict Between Male And Female Characters2154 Words   |  9 Pageswhilst in tragedy, it appears rarer. Furthermore, in tragedy the role reversal focuses on the women’s function as usurping the roles designated for male characters. Euripides’ Medea and Aristophanes’ Women at Thesmophoria provide one with a paradigm from each genre of how sexual role reversal can explore alternative representations of gender and result in having a transgressive impact on dominating gender ideology. Both playwrights present complex characters that conform to and discard their traditionalRead MoreEssay on The Lives of Athenian Women1880 Words   |  8 Pagesrights. `The position of women...is a subject which has provoked much controversy. (Lacey: 1968, 151). Studies concerning the lives of women in classical Athens have sparked much controversy because, despite the apparent fascination with femininity manifested in art and drama, we have no evidence voicing the opinions of the actual women themselves. This presents a paradox between an Athenian womans everyday life and her prominence in art and literature. (Just: 1989; Gomme: 1925, Gould: 1980;

The Jazz A Music Genre - 1078 Words

Name: Sofia Endara Research Paper Jazz The Jazz is a music genre that was developed from the traditions of West Africa, Europe and North America. It arises specifically in New Orleans, Louisiana, home of musical style, where was a large consignments of slaves, mainly western Africa. That is why the jazz comes from the combination of three traditions: the native American, African and European. The African-American community in South America developed its musical expression through creative improvisation on the material that provided religious music, especially the dances and rituals related to voodoo and lay themselves brought from Africa, the instrumental tradition of American orchestras, especially the military bands and the forms and harmonies of European music. These first African-American musical manifestations were a mixture of rhythms and instruments associated with the life of slaves, thus interpreted as work songs and Collective fun. Improvisation is already, at this early stage, an essential component of this music, which contrasts with the white models compossed music. The history of jazz is characterized by two main features: History of Jazz | Black History in America | Scholastic.com. History of Jazz | Black History in America | Scholastic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. First, both in constant assimilation of other musical stylistic tendencies or culturally alien to h it, and it ability to mix with other genres and create new musical styles such asShow MoreRelatedSystolic Diastolic Pressure On Blood Pressure1618 Words   |  7 PagesLastly, blood pressure can be affected by many activities including music. The faster the music, the higher the blood pressure because of the tempo. The slower the music, the lower the blood pressure. Faster genres of music including rap, hip hop and pop. A medium genre includes country and a slow genre includes jazz. The purpose of this experiment was to learn about the different types of blood pressure and to figure out how music affects the blood pressure. Results: A. Procedure: PurchaseRead MoreThe Music Of The Harlem Renaissance855 Words   |  4 Pages Music is an art that has united people all over the world for centuries and centuries. Evolving throughout the years, music is split up into many different genres. These genres have derived from diverse time periods and cultures throughout the years. Jazz and Country music both originated in the early 1900s, but have had lasting impacts on completely different cultures. The detailed elements of each piece are dissimilar, but are equally effective in providing entertainment for each audience. Read MoreHow Different Genres Of Music Affect.Blood Pressure.. Labrae1634 Words   |  7 PagesHow Different Genres of Music Affect Blood Pressure. LaBrae High School Biology 1 By: Ava English Introduction: Blood pressure is a force applied by blood that push against the arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that send oxygenated blood to the heart and throughout the rest of the body. To calculate blood pressure, use a blood pressure machine which shows the two types of pressures, systolic and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure happens when the heart is decreasing and diastolicRead MoreOrigins Of Today s Music1546 Words   |  7 PagesToday s Music While blues and jazz are musically different, they play a similar role in the in the musical genres that is heard today. Today, music is divided into many genres such as hip-hop, easy listening, country, rock and roll or classic rock, etc. Pure blues or jazz is hardly thought of, as those two genres are not heard as often in today’s music. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the difference between blues and jazz music. Blues and jazz are musical genres, or stylesRead MoreRagtime And Blues : The History And Their Influence On Jazz1581 Words   |  7 PagesRagtime and Blues: The History and Their Influence on Jazz In the city of New Orleans, from parades to clubs and from weddings to funerals, one element usually remained constant throughout all these events: the music that permeated the air. At most of these occasions, a band often performed as entertainment, providing many opportunities for musicians in the area to work. By the early 20th century, due to various factors such as mix of ethnicities and cultures with syncopated musical styles influencedRead MoreWhat I Attended A Concert1398 Words   |  6 PagesNorthwest Jazz and Studio Jazz Ensembles perform. Both ensembles performed a variety of songs generally under the jazz genre, featuring artists studied in the course, including Duke Ellington, Count Basie and George Gershwin. Some of the songs performed by the ensembles included â€Å"La Almeja Pequena,† â€Å"Count Me In,† â€Å"Rockin’ In Rhythm,† and â€Å"I’ve Got a Crush on You.† Although there were many diverse styles played throughout the concert, many songs performed are from the Tin Pan Alley, jazz or swingRead MoreEvolution Of Jazz And Blues. The Music Styles Of Jazz And1364 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Jazz and Blues The music styles of Jazz and Blues are both considered to be great American musical art forms (Covach, 2015). These styles are also two very important â€Å"roots† of music and have evolved from the late 19th century and early 20th century to lead to the development of Rock and Roll. Jazz and Blues both originated from African-American communities when slaves were brought over to North America from Africa (Schuller, 1986). As time passed and the culture of America was constantlyRead MoreMusic, Blues And Ragtime1337 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Jazz is the first true art form to come from the soil of America†, Winton Marsalis made this claim in the film Jazz by Ken Burns. Jazz would be born here in America after the fall of slavery. The interactions between previously enslaved peoples and the rest of society gave the breeding ground for a mixture of cultures and music styles. The city which was most clearly known for the mixing of cultures after the Civil war was New Orl eans. In New Orleans the primary cultures and ethnicities seen included:Read MoreA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesBrief History of Piano Greats and Jazz The piano has been a pivotal instrument throughout the development of jazz music. Starting with ragtime, which developed out of classical music, all the way to modern jazz the piano has been a foundational instrument upon which many styles have been built. This is a result of the versatility of the instrument, as it has the ability to play accompaniment, rhythm, and solo improvisation simultaneously. Throughout the course of jazz history many musicians have utilizedRead MoreJazz And Its Influence On African American Communities1141 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout several years, numerous genres of music have been created and evolved, such as contemporary, country, pop, and more. One genre, in particular, has greatly influenced the world and still remains popular today. This renowned genre is jazz. Although jazz originated in the late 19th and early 20th century, the genre has continued to develop and influence other aspects of music. With its beginnings in African American communiti es, jazz features several distinguishing components and defining

Gambling And Pete Rose Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Gambling And Pete Rose Essay, Research Paper See a pupil who passes a concluding test under the influence of illegal drugs. The professor might be inclined to name the constabulary, but at that place? s no ground why the pupil shouldn? T get the class he earned. Then see another pupil who cheats on the same test. No offense has been committed, but as a pupil that? s the worst possible behaviour, and deserves the harshest punishment. # 216 ; Gambling is the worst thing a baseball player can make, because it undermines the unity of the game. Pete Rose did the worst thing a baseball player could make by non merely chancing on games in the NBA the NFL and college athleticss, but besides baseball games. Peter Edwards Rose was investigated by Major League Baseball and a hearing was scheduled for May of 1989. The scheduled hearing neer took topographic point and yet Pete Rose was suspended from baseball and placed on the ineligibility list. Pete could use for re-instatement after one twelvemonth. But less than one twelvemonth subsequently the Baseball Hall of Fame added a clause to it? s eligibility regulations saying that participants who were on Baseball? s ineligibility list could non be considered as campaigners. Commissioner Bud Selig said that the application would be considered at an appropriate clip. In 1997 Pete Rose applied for re-instatement about eight old ages after he was foremost eligible to make so. He was turned down # 216 ; The inquiry I raise is should Peter Edwards Rose be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame for his outstanding drama on the baseball field, or be denied it because of a chancing dependence. In my sentiment Pete Rose should be inducted into the Hall of Fame, and besides be re-instated into Major League Baseball. Yes Rose did perpetrate a baseball offense and reluctantly admitted to it but every bit compared to some of the people in the Hall of Fame and in baseball Rose is no different. Guies who take drugs or crush their married womans wear? t get such rough penalty and many of them are still in the Hall of Fame and baseball. # 216 ; In today? s universe gaming is considered an dependence. If this is the instance so why non leting Pete Rose to be re-instated into baseball if he agreed to hold reding on the issue. President Clinton committed Acts of the Apostless that about got him impeached but the state forgave him and he is still the President of the United States, and yet after 10 old ages Pete Rose has non yet been re-instated to baseball or even allowed to take part in official events. # 216 ; In a canvass late conducted on Ivotefor.com 75 % or 198 of the 263 people polled said that Pete Rose should be re-instated, while a mere 25 % or 65 said that Pete Rose should stay out of baseball. The Hall of Fame is every bit much for the fans as it is for the participants. Then why International Relations and Security Network? t one of the most liked athleticss figures allowed to go on his baseball calling and be inducted into the Hallway of Fame. # 216 ; Rose late took another measure nearer to being re-instated. He has backed an Official Pete Rose Online Petition set up at www.sportcut.com. The request will be sent on January 31, 2000 to the Baseball Hallway of Fame with all signatures. I urge you to vote for Pete Rose online to better his opportunities. # 216 ; In 1999 Pete Rose was elected to the all century squad.

Total Sanitation Programme in India Essay Example

Total Sanitation Programme in India Paper Individual Health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking water and proper sanitation. There is, therefore,a direct relationship between water,sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in developing countries. Individual Health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking water and proper sanitation. There is, therefore,a direct relationship between water,sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in developing countries. India is no exception to this. Prevailing High Infant Mortality Rate is also largely attributed to poor sanitation. It was in this context that the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched in 1986 primarily with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people and also to provide privacy and dignity to women. The concept of sanitation was earlier limited to disposal of humanexcreta by cess pools, open ditches,pit latrines, bucket system etc. Today it connotes a comprehensive concept, which includes liquid and solid waste disposal, food hygiene, personal, domestic as well as environmental hygiene. Proper sanitation is important not only from the general health point of view but it has a vital role to play in our individual and social life too. Sanitation is one of the basic determinants of quality of life and Human Development Index. Good sanitary practices prevent contamination of water and soil and thereby prevent diseases. We will write a custom essay sample on Total Sanitation Programme in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Total Sanitation Programme in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Total Sanitation Programme in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The concept of sanitation was, therefore, expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal. A comprehensive Baseline Survey on Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices in rural water supply and sanitation was conducted during 1996-97 under the aegis of the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, which showed that 55% of those with private latrines were self-motivated. Only 2% of the respondents claimed the existence of subsidy as the major motivating factor, while 54% claimed to ave gone in for sanitary latrines due to convenience and privacy. The study also showed that 51% of the respondents were willing to spend upto Rs. 1000/- to acquire sanitary toilets. Keeping in view the above facts, the CRSP was improved. In the new format, CRSP moves towards a â€Å"demand driven† approach. The revised approach in the programme titled â€Å"Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)†emphasizes more on Information, Edu cation and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development, Capacity Development activities to increase awareness among the rural people and generation of demand for sanitary facilities. This will also enhance people’s capacity to choose appropriate options through alternate delivery mechanisms as per their economic condition. The Programme is being implemented with focus on community-led and people centered initiatives. Children play an effective role in absorbing and popularising new q+`ideas and concepts. This Programme, therefore, intends to tap their potential as the most persuasive advocates of good sanitation practices in their own households and in schools. The aim is also to provide separate urinals/toilets for boys and girls in all the schools/ Anganwadis in rural areas in the country. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the TSC are as under: †¢ Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. †¢ Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas. †¢ Generate felt demand for sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health education. †¢ Cover schools/ Anganwadis in rural areas with sanitation facilities and promote hygiene education and sanitary habits among students. Encourage cost effective and appropriate technologies in sanitation. †¢ Eliminate open defecation to minimize risk of contamination of drinking water sources and food. †¢ Convert dry latrines to pour flush latrines, and eliminate manual scavenging practice, wherever in existence in rural areas. STRATEGY The strategy is to make the Programme ‘community led’ and ‘people centered’. A â €Å"demand driven approach† is to be adopted with increased emphasis on awareness creation and demand generation for sanitary facilities in houses, schools and for cleaner environment. Alternate delivery mechanisms would be adopted to meet the community needs. Subsidy for individual household latrine units has been replaced by incentive to the poorest of the poor households. Rural School Sanitation is a major component and an entry point for wider acceptance of sanitation by the rural people. Technology improvisations to meet the customer preferences and location specific intensive IEC Campaign involving Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, Women Groups, Self Help Groups, NGOs etc. are also important components of the Strategy. The strategy addresses all sections of rural population to bring about the relevant behavioural changes for improved sanitation and hygiene practices and meet their sanitary hardware requirements in an affordable and accessible manner by offering a wide range of technological choices. IMPLEMENTATION Implementation of TSC is proposed on a project mode. A project proposal emanates from a district, is scrutinized by the State Government and transmitted to the Government of India (Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development). TSC is implemented in phases with startup activities. Funds are made available for preliminary IEC work. The physical implementation gets oriented towards satisfying the feltneeds,wherein individual households choose from a menu of options for their household latrines. The builtin flexibility in the menu of options gives the poor and the disadvantaged families’ opportunity for subsequent upgradation depending upon their requirements and financial position. In the â€Å"campaign approach†, while a synergistic interaction between the Government agencies and other stakeholders, intensive IEC and advocacy, with participation of NGOs/Panchayati Raj Institutions/resource organizations, take place to bring about the desired behavioural changes for relevant sanitation practices, provision of alternate delivery system, proper technical specifications, designs and quality of installations are also provided to effectively fulfill the generated

Application Essay - Transfer Student essays

Application Essay - Transfer Student essays Richard Bach once said, "You are never given a dream without also being given the power to make it true." As a transfer student, I am about to embark on a new path and take another step in my academic journey. It is my goal to make every one of my dreams realities and I believe that the University of Rhode Island is a step in the right direction. My journey began as a completely oblivious high school student. Unaware of what college would bring, I decided to stay local and chose to attend the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. I found classes very challenging, yet rewarding and as I achieved a G.P.A. of 3.3 during the first semester, I strove to improve and longed to move up the ladder of success until I reached the top. Receiving a G.P.A. of 3.8 my second semester, I came to appreciate academic stimulation. I had overcome the obstacle of change and found my place in the community of UMass. I thought for sure that UMass was the place for me and I could not wait to embark on my s econd year and finally move up the ladder of rankings and no longer be a "little freshman." As I registered for classes for my second year I was excited and nervous about what the year ahead would bring. I had met so many wonderful people, I had an on-campus job that I loved and I found the classes very rewarding. I pre-registered for six classes and was thoroughly disappointed to find that I had only been placed in two of them since the other four courses were oversubscribed. As a student who had pushed myself and looked forward to more challenges, it was quite a disappointment to receive such news but I was not going to let that stop me. I called around to see what could be done and found very little support and no alternatives for my situation at UMass. Not only would I only have two academic classes, but I would no longer be considered a full-time student and I was going to lose my work study and insurance coverage as well. ...

The Science Behind Glow-in-the-Dark Products

The Science Behind Glow-in-the-Dark Products Glow-in-the-dark powders, glow sticks, ropes, etc., are all fun examples of products using luminescence, but do you know the science behind how it works? The Science Behind Glow-in-the-Dark Glow-in-the-dark falls under several different sciences including: Photoluminescence by definition is the emission of light from a molecule or atom that has absorbed electromagnetic energy. Examples include fluorescence and phosphorescence materials. The glow-in-the-dark plastic constellation kits that you stick on your wall or ceiling are an example of a photoluminescence-based product.Bioluminescence is the light emitted by living organisms using an internal chemical reaction (think deep sea creatures).Chemiluminescence is the emission of light without the emission of heat as the result of a chemical reaction (e.g., glowsticks),Radioluminescence is created by the bombardment of ionizing radiation. Chemiluminescence and photoluminescence are behind the majority of glow-in-the-dark products. According to Alfred University professors, the distinct difference between chemical luminescence and photoluminescence is that for light to work via chemical luminescence, a chemical reaction has to occur. However, during photoluminescence, light is released without a chemical reaction. The History of Glow-in-the-Dark Phosphorus and its various compounds are phosphorescents or materials that glow-in-the-dark. Before knowing about phosphorus, its glowing properties were reported in ancient writings. The oldest known written observations were made in China, dating back to 1000 BCE regarding fireflies and glow-worms. In 1602, Vincenzo Casciarolo discovered the phosphorus-glowing Bolognian Stones just outside of Bologna, Italy. This discovery started the first scientific study of photoluminescence. Phosphorus was first isolated in 1669 by German physician Hennig Brand. He was an alchemist who was attempting to change metals into gold when he isolated phosphorus. All photoluminescence glow-in-the-dark products contain phosphor. To make a glow-in-the-dark toy, toymakers use a phosphor that is energized by normal light and that has a very long persistence (the length of time it glows). Zinc Sulfide and Strontium Aluminate are the two most commonly used phosphors. Glowsticks Several patents were issued for Chemiluminescent Signal Devices during the early seventies that were used for naval signaling. Inventors Clarence Gilliam and Thomas Hall patented the first Chemical Lighting Device in October 1973 (Patent 3,764,796). However, it is not clear who patented the very first glowstick designed for play. In December 1977, a patent was issued for a Chemical Light Device to inventor Richard Taylor Van Zandt (U.S. Patent 4,064,428). Zandts design was the first to add a steel ball inside the plastic tube that when shook would break the glass ampoule and start the chemical reaction. Many toy glowsticks were built based on this design. Modern Glow-in-the-Dark Science Photoluminescence spectroscopy is a contactless, nondestructive method of probing the electronic structure of materials. This is from a patent-pending technology developed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory that uses small organic molecule materials to create organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and other electronics. Scientists in Taiwan say they have bred three pigs that glow-in-the-dark.

Java programming and written exercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Java programming and written exercises - Essay Example 2. Assume a class Square that implements the interface Comparable. You are required to implement the method compareTo so that squares are compared according to their sides. Part of the Java code has been provided as below. Please complete the code inside the compareTo() method. 4. Write a Java code segment that uses the LinkedList myList and the String array strArr. Store the elements from the array in the linked list. Use an iterator to scan the list and output the elements of strings, whose length is greater than 5. String[] strArr = {"Java", "Programming", "if", "array", "LinkedList", "queue", "iterator"}; LinkedList myList = new LinkedList(); private int i; for(i=0;i 5) { Insert(string strArr[i], LinkedListIterator p); } } public voidinsert(stringx,LinkedListIteratorp) { if(p!=null&&p.current!=null) p.current.next=newListNode(x,p.current.next); } 5. Trace the call f(16) to the following method. Show how you work out the result. public static int f(int n) { int result=0; if (n

Fundamental of International Buisness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamental of International Buisness - Essay Example It describes the increase of trade and investing due to the falling of barriers and the interdependence of countries, particularly trade liberalisation or "free trade" (Globalization, 2005). So, the main driven forces of the Southeast Asia market include political, social and economic changes. Political driven forces were caused by changes in political doctrines. Primarily, a struggle between socialist and capitalist countries is over (Buckley, Ghauri, 1999). If we assume that "the essence of globalization is a subordination of human rights, labor rights, consumer right" (Ralph Nader), we should accept the view that trade and market relations is nothing more than subordination of human rights. But it is not true. To support this point of view, it is possible to use the theory of Adam Smith who wrote that markets function without conscious control because individuals take their private decisions in response to publicly-known signals (Himmelweit, et al. 2001). It is possible to agree t hat American and European companies create jobs overseas at the expense of domestic jobs, which does not break the rights of workers from the poorest countries. In addition, the globalization of industries has created surplus production capacity on a massive scale. Proposition of quality products which compete with the national brands does not humiliate consumers rights.

Comparison of Toc vs Lean Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Toc vs Lean Essay Even though each improvement methodology contributes valuable concepts, ideas and techniques to every organization not all of them serve to the needs of organization if leadership doesn’t actively involve to the efforts of the improvement teams. Theory of Constraints (TOC) At his book Goldratt (2004) defines the primary goal as to make money. This can be achieved by simply identifying and eliminating the constraints that limits the output of the entire system. As a result of the organizational change, he aims to see an increase on throughput and decrease on operational expense and inventory. Theory of constraints (TOC) is based on the premise that the rate of goal achievement is limited by at least one constraining process. Only by increasing flow through the constraint can overall throughput be increased where throughput is the rate at which the system generates money through sales. Inventory is all the money that the system has invested in purchasing things which it intends to sell. Operational expense is all the money the system spends in order to turn inventory into throughput. He recommends a five step process: 1. Identify the constraint. 2. Exploit the constraint. 3. Subordinate other processes to the constraint. . Elevate the constraint. 5. Repeat the cycle. Line Manufacturing (Thinking) Lean is a total operating system for manufacturing plants and has broad application in product or service businesses. On the contrary to TOC, Lean focuses to create a value to customer by the removal of waste, which is defined as anything not necessary to produce the product or se rvice. Lean manufacturing measure the performance of the company by using three dimensions, cost, lead time and value-added percentage. As Reid (2007) says, Lean initiates metric improvement by assessing the system using Value Stream Mapping (VSM). VSM has a standard set of icons and instructions for documenting material and information flows based on actual shop floor observation. Value stream observation starts at the process closest to the customer and follows upstream step-by-step to raw material receiving. Similar to TOC, there are five essential steps in lean: 1. Identify which features create value. 2. Identify the sequence of activities called the value stream. 3. Make the activities flow. 4. Let the customer pull product or service through the process. 5. Perfect the process. Lean involves many people in the value stream. Lean sees an organization as a collection of parts and aims a local optimization system where TOC focuses on a local action with holistic optimization for the organization. The Theory of Constraints (TOC) is a relatively new managerial philosophy that has been steadily evolving since the early 1980s. TOC does advocate buffers at inventory at selected points to ensure that neither the constraint nor the customer is left waiting. Lean aims to reduce lead time and inventory and thus costs by eliminating waste; TOC aims to reduce lead time and inventory in order to gain capacity, increase Throughput (i. . the rate at which money is generated through the sale of products) and provide a competitive edge – thus enabling the business to grow. Thus it is evident that TOC methodology can provide Lean techniques with a high degree of focus which is both in tune with reality and achievable on a practical level, effectively bridging the knowledge gap that can exist between Lean in theory and Lean in practice. Because the bottom line benefits to be gained from increasing Throughput are greater than those likely to be realised via Lean waste/cost reduction alone, TOC provides Lean Manufacturing with a forward-thinking framework which not only directs improvement efforts where they will be most beneficial, but which is also an excellent platform for future growth.

Gloria Naylors Mama Day Essay -- Gloria Naylor Mama Day Literature Es

Gloria Naylor's Mama Day Gloria Naylor's Mama Day takes place in two distinct environments, each characterized by the beliefs and ideologies of the people who inhabit the seemingly different worlds. The island of Willow Springs, comprised solely by the descendants of slaves, is set apart from the rest of the United States and is neither part of South Carolina nor Georgia. As such, its inhabitants are exempt from the laws of either state and are free to govern themselves as they see fit. Only a worn-out bridge built in 1920 connects the inhabitants to the mainland, but the people of Willow Springs are entirely self-sufficient. They believe in the ways of their African ancestors and respect the heritage of Sapphira Wade, the original "Mother" who convinced her master to deed the island to his slaves. They live in the present yet believe in the power of supernatural forces and herbal or root medicine. Mama Day, whose imposing presence in Willow Springs is felt by all of the inhabitants, best understands that he r world is founded upon the power of belief. Belief in that which may seem to defy all rational or logical sense. In New York, however, Cocoa finds herself amongst a group of people who seem distant and interested in only themselves. Stemming from many different backgrounds, the people of New York are always in a rush and "moving, moving, moving ---and to where?" (19). No one knows for sure. Just like the subways, racism in New York moved underground, and Cocoa experiences it as she desperately searches for a job. After having lived in New York for seven years, Cocoa still has not found a suitable mate. Only when she meets George does she start believing again in the goodness and sincerity possessed by some. George is t... ... that Ruby is the source of Cocoa's illness, and admits to Dr. Buzzard that he only believes in himself (292). When he finally visits the other place, he is appalled by Mama Day's "mumbo jumbo" but after seeing Cocoa's condition worsen, he eventually submits to her plan. His inability, however, to understand that a pair of empty hands are all that Mama Day needs costs him his life. George's inability to believe in that which he could not understand leads to his demise. Unfortunately, as Naylor reminds us, "Rational America" insists that everything should have a rational basis. As products of this rational society, we never accept things at face value because we constantly dig deeper in hopes of completely understanding that which may be eluding us. Sometimes, however, it is best to cast aside reason and accept things for what they are and what they represent.

Positive Effects of Social Networking

AbstractionSocial networking has changed the manner people interact with each other everlastingly. Social networking foremost existed as an innovation created in 1975 known as electronic mail, which is still used today ( Email ) . However societal networking has advanced in to utilizing a profile to give information about a user and his or her involvements, and has integrated the usage of electronic mail. Now societal networking involves sharing narratives, exposures, and involves the usage of apps every bit good as messaging to pass on with others. This type of societal networking did non go popular until the twelvemonth 2003 when MySpace and Friendster were launched. Shortly after Facebook was launched but was non unfastened to the general populace until 2006, which has become the figure one societal networking site today. These webs have many positive effects such as staying in contact with friends, run intoing new people, supplying educational benefits, every bit good as the conv enience of mobilly accessing it. Besides there are some negative effects which include individuality larceny, cyber intimidation, decreased societal interaction in existent life, and societal isolation. Increase in nomadic societal networking could possible do future wellness jobs. The first type of societal networking created was Email, which was invented in 1975 ( Email ) . Since so societal networking has advanced into a profile with legion characteristics that can be used and has integrated the usage of electronic mail. Now societal networking is altering the manner the universe interacts with people, and has provided many utile tools for the universe to utilize. Still these societal webs are go oning to progress to supply better characteristics for users, and these popular sites will go on to turn in size. Even though societal webs can hold negative effects such as blowing clip, it besides affects people positively by leting people to pass on and stay in contact with friends in a much easier manner. In the article â€Å" Are societal networking sites good for our society? † ( 2009 ) societal networking is defined as â€Å" an online community that allow people to develop profiles of their backgrounds and involvements, communicate with friends and aliens, and portion ideas, exposures, Internet links, music, and more ( p.1 ) . Once a societal web is joined users are prompted to place others in the system with which they have a relationship known by and large as â€Å" friends. † Social networking sites vary greatly with the characteristics they have to offer, and is what makes each site different from the other. Six Degrees was the first major societal web, similar to societal networking today, to be launched and was launched in 1997 ( Bhutkar, 2009 ) . Social networking as it is today did non go popular until 2003 when Friendster MySpace and LinkedIn were launched. Then in 2004 Facebook was launched but was merely unfastened to college pupils with a valid universit y electronic mail. Facebook remained a college merely web for two old ages before it opened to the general populace in 2006. Since so Facebook has become the figure one societal networking site ( Bhutkar, 2009 ) . Social networking sites allow people to pass on and stay in contact with friends every bit good as fitting new people. These sites allow people to happen others with similar involvements that they can make a relationship with and acquire to cognize one another. Groups can be joined or formed to run into people with similar involvements, and positions. Social networking allows for originative look by utilizing tools such as blogging and messaging to post thoughts and narratives ( Are societal networking sites good for our society, 2009 ) . Users besides portion poems, involvement in music, Television shows, avocations, exposures, and many other things ( Jasson ) . Event invitations can be made and sent to friends instead than holding to get off invitations and friends can besides rsvp for an event on the site. Not merely is it used to speak to friends, but it is besides used to discourse educational subjects. Social networking is said to increase a individual ‘s quality of life, and can cut down wellness hazards. Many people report that they have non had any negative experiences with societal networking, and schools are get downing to look at it as an educational tool ( Thelwell, 2006 ) . The usage of societal networking helps better technological accomplishments of pupils, and exposes them to many diverse positions about things. It besides has helped with communicating accomplishments, and allows the acquisition of civilizations from users all over the universe. Besides pupils use societal networking to discourse prep subjects with equals online, and to acquire aid on assignments ( Reid, 2009 ) . Sixty per centum of pupils on societal webs have said that they talk about instruction, and 50 per centum specifically speak about school work assignments. These pupils seem to hold an extr aordinary set of traditional and twenty-first century accomplishments including communicating, creativeness, coaction, and leading accomplishments and engineering proficiency. Parents are anticipating schools to take advantage of utilizing on-line societal networking to educate kids, but to make so in a safe manner. Some public schools have created a secure societal web for its pupil to be able to pass on with other pupils, and to make so in a more safe manner ( National School Board Association, 2007 ) . Social Networking does non merely profit persons, but it besides benefits concerns every bit good. These sites allow concerns to publicize and market services to a big audience, and a profile is free to put up ( Gillin ) . Numerous concerns have created profiles that provide elaborate information about the concern to publicize in a low cost manner ( Roberts, 2008 ) . Businesss will derive more attending on societal webs because the concern profile is available to for all users of the societal web to see. Besides concerns like to utilize societal webs to larn what possible employees are like, and do determinations based on the information provided on the individual ‘s profile ( Ellison, Steinfield, & A ; Lampe, 2007 ) . Social networking has already wholly changed the manner people interact in the universe, but besides it is progressing more to do it easier to entree. Now societal networking is going nomadic and can be accessed through the usage of a cell phone. It is thought to be a great thought and would increase the usage of societal networking since a batch of people carry cell phones with them at all times. Peoples can utilize nomadic phones to update their position, station remarks, upload exposure, send messages, and update profile from merely about anyplace ( Kharif, 2006 ) . This allows people to be able to acquire things done every bit good as take some clip to log onto societal webs. Making societal webs accessible through cell phones is besides expected to increase the figure of users by a important sum ( Gillin ) . So far nomadic societal networking is being used more than societal networking from personal computer computing machines. The top sites that are being visited utilizing noma dic phones are Facebook, MySpace, and Bebo. Bing able to entree societal webs from the cell phone unlocks the full potency of societal web, and makes it more convenient for people to utilize. Since it is more convenient to utilize the figure of users has increased and the nomadic societal networking has increased significantly ( Hamblen, 2008 ) . Social networking does hold negative effects every bit good, but are nil compared to the advantages of utilizing it. These sites cut down the sum of face to confront socialising and replace it with on-line interaction which is believed to ensue in low quality relationships with other people ( Mikami, Szwedo, Allen, Evans, & A ; Hare, 2010 ) . Teens over portion information to the populace that can ache them in the hereafter when seeking to acquire a occupation, and canceling the information is non good plenty. Cyber strong-arming occurs every bit good, which is strong-arming people online in a public manner, but occurs at a little per centum. Peoples that often use on-line societal networking are besides prone to societal isolation which can take to depression and decreased societal accomplishments ( Mikami, Szwedo, Allen, Evans, & A ; Hare, 2010 ) . A false sense of security leaves societal networking site users vulnerable to security onslaughts such as hacking, leaking sensitive in formation, and directing viruses. Identity larceny can happen when a cybercriminal uses the web to garner personal information posted about people ( University of the Pacific ) . It besides has been said that societal networking sites endanger kids by leting paedophiles to seek out kids ( Are societal networking sites good for our society? ) . Besides since they are going mobile it might promote people to utilize cell phone to entree these sites while driving merely like text messaging was a popular thing to make while driving. Social networking going nomadic usage will increase cell phone usage and the job with that is that cell phones have been found to breathe electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed by the encephalon and organic structure. This soaking up disrupts the encephalon sites for memory and acquisition and can do confusion and forgetfulness ( Thomas, 2004 ) . It is besides been reported that cell phones can do malignant neoplastic disease from the electromagnetic exposure to other parts of the organic structure, but small accent has been placed on it. The cause of malignant neoplastic disease in the encephalon has been the chief wellness concern with cell phones, which societal networking by nomadic phone is non exposing the encephalon to the moving ridges. Besides, cell phones give little sums of radiation off and would necessitate a batch of usage and over a long period of clip for it to get down to do malignant neoplastic disease. Research is needed to supply grounds to find that existent wellness hazard of cell phones. Social networking has its advantages and its disadvantages like everything else does. The sites are continuously progressing, and altering to repair the negative jobs. One illustration would be accessing societal networking sites utilizing cell phones so that people can entree the site on the spell instead than sit at place on a computing machine. Most users have stated that they have had merely positive experiences with societal networking, and really few people experience cyber intimidation. There are still jobs that need to be fixed, but it seems that the positive effects outweigh the negative effects. Social networking is a really valuable tool that can be used to run into new people, and allow people to stay in contact with friends. Even though it can blow clip, societal networking positively affects the universe by leting people to pass on, and remain in contact with friends in an easy and convenient manner.MentionsAre societal networking sites good for our society? ( 2009 ) . Social Networking ProCon.org. Retrieved April 9, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //socialnetworking.procon.orgBhutkar, G. ( 2009, January 29 ) . Users on Social Networking Sites. Journal of HC Vistas, 5 ( February 2009 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hceye.org/ ? UsabilityInsights/ ? ? p=103Ellison, N. B. , Steinfield, C. , & A ; Lampe, C. ( 2007 ) . The benefits of Facebook â€Å" friends: † societal capital and college pupils ‘ usage of on-line societal web sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12 ( 4 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //jcmc.indiana.edu/ ? vol12/ ? issue4/ ? ellison.htmlElectronic mail: The First -and Largest- Social Network Web Strategy by Jeremiah Owyang | Social Media, Web Marketing. ( n.d. ) . Web Strategy by Jeremiah Owyang: Web Marketing, Social Media. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.web-strategist.com/blog/2009/07/09/email-the-first-social-network/Gillin, P. ( 2008 ) . Business anyplace, anytime. Computerworld Communications Brief, 1-5. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slideshare.net/ ? PingElizabeth/ ? the-promise-of-mobile-unified-communicationsHamblen, M. ( 2008, September 11 ) . Get Ready for nomadic societal webs. Computerworld. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.computerworld.com/ ? s/ ? article/ ? 9114487/ ? Get_ready_for_mobile_social_networks_ ? taxonomyId=165Jansson, Y. ( n.d. ) . Online societal networking positive facets. In article splashboard. Retrieved March 29, 2010, from articledashboard database. ( 477721 )Kharif, O. ( 2006, May 31 ) . Social Networking Goes Mobile. BusinessWeek. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessweek.com/ ? technology/ ? content/ ? may2006/ ? tc20060530_170086.htmMikami, A. Y. , Szwedo, D. E. , Allen, J. P. , Evans, M. A. , & A ; Hare, A. L. ( 2010 ) . Adolescent Peer Relationships and Behavior Problems Predict immature grownups ‘ commu nicating on societal networking web sites. Developmental Psychology, 46 ( 1 ) , 46-56.National School Boards Association. ( 2007 ) . Making & A ; Connecting: Research and Guidelines on Online Social and educational networking [ Data file ] . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //socialnetworking.procon.org/ ? sourcefiles/ ? CreateandConnect.pdfReid, K. ( 2009, November ) . The rise of societal networking sites. Education Journal, 119, 22. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //search.ebscohost.com/ ? login.aspx? direct=true & A ; db=aph & A ; AN=47781789 & A ; loginpage=Login.asp & A ; site=ehost-liveThelwall, M. ( 2008, January 25 ) . Myspace, Facebook, Bebo: Social Networking Students. ALT Newsletter, January 2008 ( 11 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //newsweaver.co.uk/ ? alt/ ? e_article000993849.cfm? x=b11,0, wThomas, W. ( 2004 ) . Cell phone wellness effects: busy signals think twice before you place that call.Alive. Retrieved from hypertext trans fer protocol: //willthomas.net/ Investigations/Articles/cellphones.htmUniversity of the Pacific – Online Social Networking Dangers and Benefits. ( n.d. ) . University of the Pacific – Stockton, San Francisco, Sacramento. Retrieved April 11, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //web.pacific.edu/x4989.xml? ss=print

Napoleon Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis of Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte is a man that is to be admired but pitied at the same time. He has lived his life almost in desolation, yet at the same time he has managed to make a legacy. Napoleon is very ambitious, yet at the same time he is very lonely and withdrawn. He believes that whatever he does will benefit his country and its people. Napoleon is very hard working, and he just wants his dreams to become reality. For example, he began his apprenticeship when he was 16, and he was learning how to deploy men, and assemble guns, and he eventually became an expert at it.Napoleon shows a lot of willingness to learn, and all he wants is to become famous in society. He wants to play a role in the Revolution. In addition, he seized all of the chances that had been thrown his way, and this is what allowed him to gain everything that he did. Napoleon just wanted to enter French society, and be given a chance to help his people. He worked hard to get to the posi tion he was at. Napoleon did what he needed to change reality, and he worked to make life better. People disliked Napoleon because of his ambitions and his pride.For example, at the Royal Military College in France, Napoleon was a loner because of his dignity. He was bullied because of his thick accent and because he was poor while the other kids were all nobles. This loneliness had a very large impact in his life and his career. In addition, when Napoleon entered into Corsican politics, Paoli–one of the politicians- thought he was too obsessed with power, which caused him to distrust Napoleon. Napoleons endless yearn for power was the reason for others to not have any faith in Napoleon. When something interests Napoleon, he becomes obsessed with it, and he did not relent.Napoleon, himself, was the reason for his isolation from others because he always looked at everyone around him as less superior than himself. Napoleon Bonaparte was very resourceful when it came to achievin g his goals. He had a very strong thirst for power. Because of his thirst and resourcefulness, many people viewed him as a hero. Napoleon lived a very admirable life because of his hard work and his ambitions. At the same time, he lived a very wretched life because of his desolation. In many people’s eyes he was a legend, but in others’ eyes he was a tyrant.

Definition and Examples of Embedded Questions

Definition and Examples of Embedded Questions In English grammar, an embedded question is a  question that appears in a declarative statement or in another question. The following phrases are commonly used to introduce embedded questions:Could you tell me . . .Do you know . . .I wanted to know . . .I wonder . . .The question is . . .Who knows . . . Unlike conventional interrogative structures, in which word order is reversed, the subject usually comes before the verb in an embedded question. Also, the auxiliary verb do is not used in embedded questions. Commentary on Embedded Questions An embedded question is a question inside a statement. Here are some examples: - I was wondering if its going to rain tomorrow. (The embedded question is: Is it going to rain tomorrow?)- I suppose you dont know if they are coming. (The embedded question is: Do you know if they are coming?) You can use an embedded question when you do not want to be too direct, such as when you are speaking to someone senior in the company, and the use of a direct question seems impolite or blunt. (Elisabeth Pilbeam et al.,  English First Additional Language: Level 3. Pearson Education South Africa, 2008) Examples of Embedded Questions Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? (Alice in Alices Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll)The question is not whether we will be extremists, but what kind of extremists we will be.(Martin Luther King, Jr.)I set up the checkerboard and  explained how the  pieces are placed and how they move. (Herbert Kohl,  The Herb Kohl Reader: Awakening the Heart of Teaching. The New Press, 2013)I live in New York, and I was thinking about the lagoon in Central Park, down near Central Park South. I was wondering if it would be frozen over when I got home, and if it was, where did the ducks go? I was wondering where the ducks went when the lagoon got all icy and frozen over. I wondered if some guy came in a truck and took them away to a zoo or something. Or if they just flew away. (J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 1951) Stylistic Conventions Kate [a copy editor] moves on to the second sentence: The question is, how many re-readings are reasonable? Uncertain about how to treat a question (how many re-readings are reasonable?) embedded in a sentence, she picks up [The Chicago Manual of Style] . . . [and] decides to apply the following conventions:Since the author has followed all these conventions, Kate changes nothing. The embedded question should be preceded by a comma.The first word of an embedded question is capitalized only when the question is long or has internal punctuation. A short informal embedded question begins with a lowercase letter.The question should not be in quotation marks because it is not a piece of dialogue.The question should end with a question mark because it is a direct question. (Amy Einsohn,  The Copyeditors Handbook. University of California Press, 2006) Embedded Questions in AAVE In AAVE [African-American Vernacular English], when questions are embedded in sentences themselves, the order of the subject (boldfaced) and the auxiliary (italicized) may be inverted unless the embedded question begins with if: They asked could she go to the show.I asked Alvin did he know how to play basketball. (Irene L. Clark, Concepts in Composition: Theory and Practice in the Teaching of Writing. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2003)

Using the Spanish Verb Pasar

Using the Spanish Verb Pasar Like its English cognate to pass, the Spanish verb pasar has a variety of meanings that often vaguely relate to movement in space or time. The key to translating the verb, more so than with most words, is understanding the context. Pasar is regularly conjugated, using the pattern of verbs such as hablar. Pasar as a Verb of Happening Although the English pass is sometimes a synonym for to happen, such usage is extremely common in Spanish. Another possible translations for this usage is to occur or to take place. Dime quà © te pasà ³. (Tell me what happened to you.)Nadie sabà ­a decirnos lo que pasaba, habà ­a mucha confusià ³n. (Nobody knew to tell us what happened, there was so much confusion.)Mira lo que pasa cuando les dices a las personas que son bellas. (Look at what happens to people when you say they are beautiful.) Other Common Meanings of Pasar Here are the other meanings of pasar you are most likely to come across: To happen, to occur:  ¿Quà © ha pasado aquà ­? (What happened here?) Pase lo que pase estoy a tu lado. (Whatever happens, Im at your side.) Creo que ya pasà ³. (I think it has already happened.) To spend (time): Pasà ³ todo el dà ­a con la familia de Juan. (She spent all day with Juans family.) Pasaba los fines de semana tocando su guitarra. (He would spend weekends playing his guitar.) To move or travel: No pasa el tren por la ciudad. (The train doesnt go through the city.) To enter a room or area:  ¡Bienvenida a mi casa!  ¡Pasa! (Welcome to my house! Come in!) To cross (a line of some sort): Pasamos la frontera y entramos en Portugal. (We crossed the border and entered Portugal.) El general Torrejà ³n pasà ³ el rà ­o con la caballerà ­a. (General Torrejon crossed the river with the cavalry.) To go past: Siga derecho y pase 5 semforos. (Go straight ahead and pass five traffic lights.) Cervantes pasà ³ por aquà ­. (Cervantes came by here.) To hand over an object: Psame la salsa, por favor. (Pass the sauce, please.) No me pasà ³ nada. (He didnt give me anything.) To endure, to suffer, to put up with: Nunca pasaron hambre gracias a que sus ancestros gallegos trabajaron como animales. (They never suffered from hunger because their ancestors worked like animals.) Dios no nos abandona cuando pasamos por el fuego de la prueba. (God does not abandon us when we go through the fiery ordeal.) To experience: No puedes pasar sin Internet. (I cant get by without the Internet.) No tenà ­a amigos ni amigas, por eso me lo pasaba mal. (I didnt have male friends nor female friends, and because of this I had a rough time.) To pass (a test): La nià ±a no pasà ³ el examen de audicià ³n. (The girl didnt pass the audition.) To exceed: Pasamos de los 150 kilà ³metros por hora. (We went faster than 150 kilometers per hour.) To overlook (in the phrase pasar por alto): Pasarà © por alto tus errores. (Ill overlook your mistakes.) To show (a motion picture): Disney Channel pasà ³ la pelà ­cula con escenas nuevas. (The Disney Channel showed the movie with new scenes.) To forget: No entiendo como  se me pasà ³ estudiar  lo ms importante. (I dont now how I forgot to study the most important thing.) Reflexive Usage of Pasarse The reflexive form pasarse is often used with little or no change in meaning, although it sometimes suggests that the action was surprising, sudden, or unwanted:  ¿Nadie se pasà ³ por aquà ­? (Nobody passed through here?)Muchos jà ³venes se pasaron por la puerta de acceso para adultos mayores. (Many young people passed through the access door for older adults.)En una torre de enfriamiento, el agua se pasa por el condensa. (In a cooling tower, the water passes through the condenser.) Key Takeaways Pasar is a common Spanish verb that is often used to mean to happen.Other meanings of pasar coincide with many of the meanings of its English cognate, to pass.The reflexive form pasarse usually has little or no difference in meaning from the normal form.

Ancient history compare and contrast two empires Essay

Ancient history compare and contrast two empires - Essay Example But the contributions of the Mongol empire cannot be underestimated. The empire under Khans flourished well and the popularity and fame of the empire spread far and wide across the empires of the world. The famous traveller, Marco Polo had commented the Mongol empire as prosperous and peaceful. The kingdom was united under the rulers and the military power of the kingdom was immense. The essay tries to compare the contributions of the Roman and Mongol Empire in terms of politics, trade, religion, and social history. Features of Roman Empire: The Roman Empire was considered to be the biggest ancient empire of the world that ruled probably the major parts of the world. The Great Roman Empire had both western and eastern kingdoms. The Western empire came to an end in and around 450 A.D., whereas the Eastern Empire lasted up to the year 1453, when Constantinople, the capital of Eastern Empire, fell in the hands of the Turks. The Roman Empire spread to all sides of the world. The war like nature of the Roman people made Rome a powerful Empire over other nations. They conquered almost all countries to four sides of the nation. The Roman rule in those areas made a permanent landmark of the rule in terms of Roman building and sculptures. In considering the religion of the Roman Empire one can see the slow pace of the Empire from paganism to Christianity. The Romans, just like the Greek had their own gods and there had many temples for the gods in the Empire. Valerie M. Warrior clearly observes; â€Å"The Romans worshiped a wide range of gods† (Warrior 9). The entire Empire had beliefs in the mythic Roman religion. The wars like gods represent the war like nature of the people. At first the Roman rulers were against Christianity and many of them had persecuted the Christians. It was Constantine in A.D. 312 declared Christianity as the official religion of Rome. There after the spread of Christianity was amazing in the kingdom. So the Romans had different religiou s faiths. The politics of the Roman Empire was strong in the beginning and it is the cause for its fall too. Peter V. Jones and Keith C. Sidwel mention that; â€Å"Roman generals in the field regularly resorted to acts of looting, reprisal, massacres, mass deportations, and enslavements† (Jones & Sidwell 25). Rome was ruled by great statesmen like Julius and Octavius Caesars. Democracy was flourished in Rome. The Senate had a predominant role over the rule of the different statesmen. In respect to the trade of the Empire one can find that Rome was a dominant nation of the time. It had trade with many of the Eastern countries. The Romans had a flourishing trade with African countries. When it conquered Egypt there opened a way for trade and commerce with the countries near Egypt. The same is with the nations in Turkey and the Eastern countries. Features of Mongol empire: Apart from the history of the great Roman Empire the Mongol empire was short lived. It lasted for only 200 years. The founder of the Mongol empire, Genghis Khan made it much popular. His grandson named as Kubilai Khan made this popularity far and wide. â€Å"Mongols could build a vast world empire faster than any people before or after them. It is Mongols who united Eurasia in a truly international trading system and encouraged new forms of communication. The Mongols showed the value of

Pros of Gay Marriage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pros of Gay Marriage - Research Paper Example 1). Allowing same sex couples to marry support the basic principles of American democracy. Further, by legalizing same sex marriages, same sex relationships are legitimatized. In addition, through the approval of same sex marriages, heterosexual marriages are neither harmed nor compromised in any way; but would strengthen homosexual relationships. In this regard, one contends that same sex marriages should be allowed and state legislatures should approve same sex marriage in all states. When state legislations allow same sex couples to marry, they abide by the basic principles of American democracy, to wit: â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ... [and] that to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed† (Head, 2006, p. 3). By disallowing same sex marriages through the Defense of Marriage Ac t (DOMA), enacted by Congress in 1996, â€Å"which bars federal recognition of same-sex marriages and allows states to do the same† (NCSL:Same Sex Marriage, 2011, p. 1), the government is in fact issuing legislations contrary to the basic principles of democracy. As emphasized by Head (2006), â€Å"if we amend the Constitution to restrict rights, rather than to protect them, we set an ominous precedent† (p. 3). ... Head (2006) stressed that â€Å"state bans on gay sex were ineffective at banning gay sex, and state bans on gay marriage are equally ineffective at preventing lesbian and gay couples from having weddings, exchanging rings, and spending the rest of their lives together† (p. 4). Legitimizing their union would therefore promote values of accepting their partnership as a reality of live that exists in social circles the world over. Likewise, Jost (2003), in his article on â€Å"Gay Marriage† published in the CQ Researcher indicated that by legalizing the union between same sex spouses, children being raised by them would be acknowledged. The same article cited the U.S. Census Bureau (2000) as disclosing that 43% of unmarried couples have children, where 22.3% are same sex male couples and 34.3% are same sex female couples (Jost, 2003, p. 725). The all important question raised by Head (2006) was â€Å"if the legal institution of marriage is good for the children of hetero sexual parents, why should the children of lesbian and gay couples be punished by their government simply because of the sexual orientation of their parents† (Head, 2006, p. 5)? Laumann (2002) cited in American Academy of Pediatrics revealed the findings that â€Å"No data have pointed to any risk to children of growing up in a family with one or more gay parents† (p. 344). Finally, through the approval of same sex marriages, heterosexual marriages are neither harmed nor compromised in any way; but would strengthen homosexual relationships. The advocates of same sex marriage and their supporters have argued that legitimizing same sex unions would not affect or influence the rate of matrimony or the incidence of

Discussion question week 11 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion question week 11 - Assignment Example Meeting this competency can be a challenge though not impossible. The use of knowledge of legal and ethical issues that is relevant to higher education and nursing education. It came in handy a basis for making decisions when implementing policies and procedures related to students faculty and the educational environment. The feedback from colleagues, peers, patients and administrative evaluation came in handy as far as improving role effectiveness is concerned. Open-mindedness is the key to improving individual and personal performance, and the educator role is no exception. Facing the audience with an open came in handy during my practicum. Though the fact that I had to face criticism from my audience that came as a shock. I expected reception and obedience from them. For an educator to accomplish their aims, one needs to gain their trust, and this takes a while. Practicum didn’t give me enough time. Therefore given another chance as an educator, I will maintain contact with my audience for a longer time and even follow up on their response to the knowledge they acquire. Giving attention to whether the information is relevant and

The Production Process Of Monster Inc Film Studies Essay

The Production Process Of Monster Inc Film Studies Essay The process of movie making entails four stages, development, pre-production, production and post-production. The development stage involves the process of creating the story line. At the pre-production level the technical challenges are addressed. It is in the production stage that the actual filming takes place and polishing of the movie is done at the post production stage. The Pixar process through which Monster Inc passes is detailed below. Step1: This step entails explaining of the idea about the movie to the audience and the members of the development team. At this stage the originality of the idea is pivotal as it translates to how viable the movie is. The idea of Sulley and Mike working for Monsters Inc is an incredible idea and so is the inclusion of Boo. The work was developed from the two artists namely Docter and Grant. The adult man had the childhood drawings come to life and start plaguing on his existence. He could see the monsters but the other could not. The monsters represented the fears he had to deal with as a kid and which he did not. However, these monsters disappeared at he continued to overcome these fears. Step 2: this idea is then written down in what is referred to as text treatment. It also worth mentioning that it necessary to come up with many text treatments as they help in opening up the possibilities available. In addition, such treatments help to refine the main idea of the story. For instance, the initial idea was to have a 32 year old man who could see the monsters but which was later changed to an innocent girl. Step 3: Elisabeth (12) defines storyboards as the graphic organizers which could include illustrations and images and are necessary in the movie making process for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture. It is a tedious and intricate process and was developed in Walt Disney Studio in 1930s. This concept of story boards is credited to Webb Smith where scenes would be drawn in different sheets of paper and would be pinned on a bulletin board (Mark 65). This proved effective in telling a story in a sequence. The Monster Inc incorporates story boards and is better described as a hand drawn comic book version. The artists receive the scripts and they are then expected to make the drawings. The sequences by the artists utilize the emotions from the scripts to be able to make the illustrations. The drawn out sequence is then handed to the director of Monster Inc. Step 4: In making of the Monster Inc movie the scratch voice is used to the story board reels. However, professional actors are hired when the story and the dialogue have been perfected. It is also worth noting that the actors hired need not depend on the script alone but also need to improvise to make the movie interesting. The actors hired for different role in Monster Inc then record the lines in different ways and the best ones are chosen. However, if the scratch voices are good enough then there will we no need to follow the rest of the process. Sulley the massive monster who finds himself in trouble was played by John Goodman who had a rich and wide vocal range. His voice also similar to that of a bear and it seemed to fit to this role. Finding the voice for Boo was challenging and it is the voice of Mary Gibbs who plays this role that brought the energy needed. In addition she was playful and fit in well in this role. Step 5: This is the stage where by the illustration by the story board is developed into a reel. The reel is able to tell a story without the need to have a pitcher person to tell the story behind the shooting of Monster Inc. This process is pivotal in the making of Monster Inc as it helps in validating the sequence of the story. The editorial of Monster Inc also takes this chance to ascertain the elements required for each shot. For instance, in this movie Joe Rauft did the story board and also was the scratch voice of Sullivan. Step 6: The art department utilizes the work from the above process and brings life to the scenes. In particular this involves creating inspirational art, illustrating the world and the characters. In addition, the artists also design sets, props, visual looks for surfaces and colors which will be necessary lighting. In looking for the style of Monstropolis the production designers had to go to view different locations which could inspire the design of the movie. 22 different sets were designed for the movie and some of theses sets included the Boos bedroom, sushi eatery, Harryhausens and home of yeti. Step 7: This step is another tedious task in the making of Monster Inc. The characters, sets and props to be used are sculpted by hand and then scanned in three dimensions. These elements are then given avars and the animators use them to make the movements. In this movie the clay sculptures were made and then digitized for the main characters. For the rest of the monsters they were created by the computer using the kit of virtual parts. It is also worth noting that in order to give the animators a lot of movement those modeling the characters used Geppetto; a program used to add more controls. Step 8: This is an interesting stage where the sets are dressed with prop models in bringing out a realistic scene. It also worth noting that those charged with this task, work closely with the director in ensuring his vision of Monster Inc is being actualized. For instance in making the monsters colorful, the city and the factory had to be muted. Step 9: The real work of taking shots then starts and the story is translated into 3-dimensional scenes. This stage is involving for the layout crew of Monster Inc, who use a virtual camera to create shots while capturing the emotion of each scene. Multiple shots are created for each scene and this helps the editorial team to make the best choice of the shots that will give the maximums story telling effect. Step 10: At this point the layout, dialog, sound, character and models are already done and the animators choreograph the movements and facial expressions of the characters and this is done for each and every scene. Computer controls are used and avars are also necessary at this point. The movement of the Boss shirt and Sullivan long fluid fur posed a great challenge. How do you animate every wrinkle in both of theses two characters clothes? This required the use of simulations that would automatically generate such movements. Similarly, for Boo having the hair was another problem and Docter found a temporary solution by use of pigtails which were easier to animate. However, this was also complicated by the fact that these movements needed to be realistic. In particular, the Boos shirt had to drape in an aesthetically appealing way and Sulleys hair had to stick out attractively as well. The animator John Kahrs was in-charge of Sulley and lead animator for Boo was Dave DeVan. Step 11: At this point the shading is done to bringing out different color effects. In shooting of Monster Inc this was done by using software which allowed complex variations where the color shifted with the lighting. Step 12: It is the lighting that completes the whole picture and at this stage the key, fill and bounce lights become important in enhancing the mood and emotion of the characters in the scene (Richard 45). The room ambience is also defined in creating a realistic and giving out the right impression. Step 13: At last the sets, colors, character movement are put in one frame. The Pixars process used in making the Monster Inc utilized a huge computer system which interpreted the data and incorporated the motion blur. After this was done the completion of Monster Inc required final touches from the various departments. For instance the special effects and sound effects were added. In particular, the photo-science department recorded the digital frames in readiness for projection. Work Cited Elisabeth, Weis Film Sound: Theory and Practice. Columbia University Press, 1985 Mark, CottaVaz. The Invisible Art: The Legends of Movie Matte Painting, Chronicle Books, 2004 Richard, Reckitt. Special Effects: The History and Technique, Billboard Books; 2nd edition, 2007

Emerson And The Poet Essay -- essays research papers

Ralph Waldo Emerson states in The Poet the question, which is what is the poet? He says that all men express their feelings, but what makes a poet is that he has more ability to express his own. For example, a poet would express the beauty of nature well, while men who are less expressive cannot give nature the worth it should be given, related to reality of course. A poet would talk, as well about â€Å"the common wealth† not â€Å"his own wealth†. What is meant by that is that he does not only convey his own feelings and his own experience in life, but he carries the beauty of truth he sees with his art, and mostly the beauty the poet would see is in nature. In page 374, you will find all the details that have been explained before. His idea of a poet is not wrong at all. He reminds me so much ...

Marketing 311 Study Guide Midterm 1

1. Managing customers as assets? – * Building the right relationships with the right customers involves treating customers as assets that need to be managed and maximized * Different types of customers require different relationship management strategies * Customer relationship management is the overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior value and satisfaction * 2. Marketing Mix (4 P’s) * Product, price, place and promotion—the controllable set of activities that a firm uses to respond to the wants of its target markets * Product- goods, services and ideas Price-everything the buyer gives up (time, energy, money) in exchange for the product * Place- all the activities necessary to get the product to the right customer when that customer wants it. * Supply chain management- the set of approaches and techniques that firms employ to efficiently and effectively integrate their suppliers, manufacturers, warehou ses, stores, and other firms involved in the transaction, such as transportation companies into a seamless value chain. This allows merchandise to be produced and distributed in the right quantities, to the right place, and at the right time. * Promotion- Communicating the value of a product to its customers. * 3. Consumer decision making process- * Need Recognition- consumers recognize that they have an unsatisfied need and want to go from their needy state to a desired state. The bigger this gap is=the greater the need recognition. * Functional needs- pertains to the performance of a product or service. Psychological needs- pertain to the personal gratification consumers associate with a product or service. **shoes are needed to keep feet clean. $500 shoes satisfy a psychological need. * THE KEY TO SUCCESSFUL MARKETING: establishing a balance between these two needs that best appeals to that firm’s target market * Search For Information- second step is to search for info about various options that will satisfy the need. The length of time spent on this will relate to how much risk is involved should you hoose the wrong option. * Internal search for information- the buyer examines his own memory and knowledge about the option. * External search for information- buyer seeks information from outside himself to make a decision. Talking with friends, family, sales people, research online†¦ * Factors the affect consumer’s’ search process * Perceived Benefits vs. Perceived Costs – is it worth the time and effort? If there is high risk (buying a house) people will spend more time researching. The Locus of Control – people with internal locus control believe they have control over the outcomes of their actions. These people do more researching. People with external locus of control believe that fate and external factors control outcomes. It doesn’t matter to them how long they spend searching. * Actual or Perceived Risk- Performance, Financial and psychological risks influence how long and how much research will be done. * Performance Risk - risk of getting a bad (poorly performing) product. Financial Risk- risk with money outlay. Warranties reduce that risk * Psychological risks- how people feel if a product does not convey the right image * Type of Product or Service- specialty, shopping, and convenience products * Specialty goods and services- people have a strong preference and will expend time looking for the best supplier (prius vs other hybrid†¦) * Shopping goods and services- going from store to store looking for a product (perfume, shoes†¦. * Convenience goods and services- things that do not require research and are often purchases without very much thought (bread, soap†¦) * Evaluation of Alternatives- sifting through the available choices they have gathered info on and evaluating the option available to them. Universal sets- all possible choices available to them for that product * Retrieval sets- brands or stores that can be easily remembered and always come to mind * Evoked set- alternative brands and stores that a customer states they would consider when making a choice(companies want to be here to increase likelihood of purchase and reduce searching in other areas). This is the group that the choice has been narrowed down to by specific criteria. * Evaluative criteria- a set of important attributes about a particular product. ( looking for a tv†¦picture quality, rightness, reputation, technical support†¦) * Determinant attributes- product or service features that are important to the buyer and where competing brands may differ. * Consumer decision rules- the set of rules and criteria that consumers use consciously or subconsciously to quickly and efficiently select from alternatives. * Compensatory- assumes that the consumer trades off one characteristic for another. * Non compensatory- when consumers choose a product or service on the basis of a characteristic regardless of the value of its other characteristics. Decision heuristics- mental shortcuts that help a consumer narrow down choices. Price, brand, product presentation * Purchase and Consumption- buying a product and â€Å"putting it to the test† * Ritual consumption- pattern of behaviors tied to life events that affect what and how we consume. Symbolic meaning and vary my importance and culture. * Post Purchase- marketers are interested in this because it involves actual customers rather than potential customers. Satisfied customers become repeat customers. Customer satisfaction- build realistic expectations, demonstrate correct product use, stand behind the product with money back and warranty guarantees and encourage customer feedback * Post purchase dissonance- the uncomfortable feeling produced by inconsistency between beliefs and behaviors, buyer’s remorse * Customer loyalty- marketers attempt to solidify a loyal relationship with their customers * Undesirable consumer behavior- negative word of mouth * 4. Maslow's hierarchy? Maslow’s Hierarchy of N eeds * Physiological- basic biological necessities of life – food, shelter drink and rest. In most developed countries these needs are generally met, but in less fortunate countries they’re not. * Safety needs- protection and physical well being (airbags, alarms, vitamins†¦) * Love needs- relate to our interactions with others * Esteem needs- satisfy their inner desires, (yoga, meditation†¦) * Self actualization – occurs when you feel completely satisfied with your life and how you live. You don’t care what others think. * 5. BCG matrix? – Boston Consulting Group Matrix * Provides a framework for allocating resources among different units. Things are explained as being in one of four areas of a grid: * Cash cow- a unit that has a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. Cash cows don’t require much more investment * Star- a business unit that has a large market share in a industry that is rapidly growing. They produce a lot of cash and require a lot of investment to keep up their competitive advantage * Question mark (Problem Child)- unit that has a small market share in a quickly growing market. They require a lot of resources and their potential is relatively unknown * Dog- a unit that has a small share of the market in a mature stable industry. Does not require investment. But could this money be used in a better unit? 6. Marketing strategy options- Marketing strategy- identifies a firms target market(s), a related marketing mix—their four P’s, the basis upon which the firm plans to build a sustainable competitive advantage * Sustainable competitive advantage- an advantage over the competition that is not easily copied and thus can be maintained over a long period of time. * Customer excellence- achieved when a firm develops a value based strategy for retaining loyal customers and provides outstanding customer service * ? Having a strong brand, unique merchandise and great customer service solidify this. Operational excellence- through efficient operations, excellent supply chain management, strong relationships with their suppliers and excellent human resource management to yield productive employees. * Product excellence- involves a focus on achieving high quality products; effective branding and positioning is key. * THE MARKETING PLAN * Define the business mission * Conduct a situation Analysis(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis) * Identifying and Evaluating Opportunities using segmentation, targeting and positioning * Implement Marketing Mix and Allocate Resources Evaluate Performance Using Marketing Metrics * GROWTH STRATEGIES * Market Penetration- employs the existing marketing mix and focuses the firm’s efforts on existing customers. * May include: attracting new customers to the firm’s existing market, encouraging current customers to patronize the firm more often, * Requires efforts such as increase d advertising and additional sale and promotions, intensified distribution efforts in geographic areas where the product or service is already sold. Market Development Strategy- employs the existing marketing offering to reach new market segments whether domestic or international * International expansion is riskier because firms must deal with differences in culture, government regulations, supply chains and language. * Product Development Strategy- offers a new product of service to a firm’s current market. * Diversification strategy- introduces a new product or service to a market segment that currently is not served * Diversification opportunities may be either related or unrelated. When related the current target market and or marketing mix shares something in common with the new opportunity * Unrelated diversification lacks any common elements with the present business, so they do not capitalize on the cores strengths associated with markets or products. They are very risky. 7. Different types of Marketing Research options and their pros and cons? * Market Research Process * 1) Define the problem * 2) Develop the research plan * 3) Collect data * 4) Develop findings 5) Take Actions based on your findings * Sources of Data * Primary Research- original data collected by researchers themselves * Quantitative research is data analysis based on archival data, panel data or questionnaires from a large group of respondents * Qualitative research (e. g. ethnographic research) provides a holistic view of a research problem by integrating a larger number of variables, but asking only a few respondents * Secondary research- data collected and nalyzed by someone else * Ex ploratory Research- attempts to begin to understand the phenomenon of interest; also provides initial information wen the problem lacks any clear definition * Conclusive Research- provides the information needed to confirm preliminary insights which managers can use to pursue appropriate courses of action * Observation- exploratory research method that entails examining the purchase and consumption behaviors through personal or video camera scrutiny. In-Depth interview- exploratory research technique in which trained researchers as questions, listen to and record the answers and pose additional questions to clarify or expand on a particular issue. * Survey- a systematic means of collecting information from people that generally uses a questionnaire * Unstructured questions- open ended questions that allow respondents to answer in their own words * Structured questions- close-ended questions that proved respondents with specific answers to evaluate. How to evaluate the data- * Who co llected the data? * Would there be any reason to purposely misrepresent the facts? * For what purpose was the data collected? * How / when was the data collected? * Are the data internally consistent and logical in the light of known data sources or market factors? * Is the instrument available? 8. Coke Case? – After 99 years of Coca-Cola, executives decided to abandon their formula and start over. In the 1970’s people began preferring Pepsi to Coke during taste test groups. Coke conducted their own tests and found the same results. Looking to regain the market share, they decided to change their formula. Perception of this idea varied widely during focus group interviews. Secret tests of different coke formulas in cities across the country showed that 55% of people preferred the â€Å" New Coke. † Executives conducted a press conference to release this information. News spread quickly, and soon complaints came pouring in when people were aware. After this release only 30% of people preferred the new Coke. This is said to be the â€Å"Marketing Blunder of the Decade† 9. John Quelch's ideas on the â€Å"New Normal† (under lecture 3 or lecture 4? > slides)? * â€Å"New Normal† types of consumers Slam-on-the-brakes (sudden loss of income) Pained-but-patient(see light at the end, hope) Live-for-today(have job, party like 1999 Comfortably-well-offs(willing to postpone for now) * â€Å"New Normal† types of purchase Essentials (switch from organic to non-organic or switch brands). Treats (minimize quantity or frequency of purchases (e. g. , Haagen Daz). Post-ponables (e. g. , big ticket items like washers, TVs, remodeling, dental work, plastic surgery) Expendables (e. g. , multiple vacations per year, private schools, eating out, going out to movies) 10. Segmentation, target market, repositioning? * Types of Segmentation- * Niche Marketing * Focusing on meeting the needs of one specific target market * Often the best strategy for small companies in a large market * Can be risky if the niche is not large enough to be profitable * Differentiated Marketing Using several different marketing mixes to target several different target markets * Allows companies to target a larger number of customers * Can lead to higher market share overall * Can be difficult to maintain cost efficiencies with multiple marketing mixes * Individual Marketing * Customizing the marketing mix to meet individual needs * Ideal because marketers are meeting the needs of individual customers * Requires very detailed information on customers * Can be difficult/expen sive to implement Demographic Segmentation * Gender * Age * Race/Ethnicity * Income Level * Occupation * Education Level * Household size or composition * Psychographic Segmentation- * Based on social class, lifestyles, personality and beliefs * Often generalized from activities, interests and opinions * Can be difficult to categorize consumers but categorizations are likely to be more accurate than simple demographic segmentation * Criteria for good segmenting- * Consumers within a segment are homogeneous. * Consumers between segments are heterogeneous. The segment is profitable. * The segment is reachable. * Criteria for evaluating Segment Attractiveness * Size of the segment * Expected cost to reach the segment * Expected growth of the segment * Competition (ie: 5 forces framework) * Company objectives and resources (e. g. , synergies with other product lines or brands) * Targeting is evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to ent er. To do this, two steps are involved * Developing measures of segment attractiveness * Selecting the target market Positioning- * Goal: Show consumers that your brand can offer them more value than the competition can. * Positioning by competitors: Hertz- We’re #2, so we try harder * Positioning by attribute: Sendodyne- The toothpaste for sensitive teeth * Positioning by use or application: Nyquil- The nighttime, sniffling, sneezing, coughing, aching, stuffy head, fever so you can rest medicine * Positioning by user: Pepsi- The Choice of the new generation * Positioning by product class: Taco Bell- Think outside the bun * 11. Reliability and Validity * Reliability – is the consistency of your measurement, or the degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. In short, it is an estimate of the repeatability of your measurement. * Is an instrument reliable? * Test / Retest – in this appro ach you have the same subjects take the same survey multiple times. The idea behind test / retest is that subjects should get the same scores on test 1 and test two. * Internal consistency – in this approach you group similar questions together and measure how highly correlated they are with one another – Cronbach’s alpha is a measure of correlation used in this method * Validity – is more difficult to define than reliability but basically validity is a measure of how close we are to the truth when we conduct marketing research. Two examples: * Construct validity – are we really measuring what we think we’re measuring? e. g. , satisfaction, brand loyalty * External validity – will our results apply to other settings and contexts or are they limited to the subjects / contexts that we chose for our study? – e. g. , student subjects * * * * * *

Alcohol addiction in families is the main cause of family breakups

Alcohol has in the recent past become one of the major leading drug killers in most past of the world.   Alcohol addiction refers to cases where a person feels a compulsive need to take alcohol to help his or her body system to perform its normal tasks.A person is said to be addicted to alcohol when he or she cannot contain or limit alcohol drinking and any such attempts leads to withdrawal symptoms such as shakiness, anxiety and nausea.In the past, only â€Å"hard† drugs like cocaine, mandrax and heroine were thought to be hazardous to the health of an individual. However in the recent past, tobacco, caffeine and alcohol have also been categorized as drugs. These are usually used by many individuals around the world thus meaning that most of the people in the world are exposed to drugs regularly.However, these drugs are used in moderation by a majority of these people thus reducing any forms of negative effects which arises from drug abuse. Alcohol is very addictive and a m ajor cause of different health hazards to an individual. Alcohol addiction has also been attributed as a leading cause of family breakups and divorce especially in the western countries. Family addiction to alcohol especially by the parents has dire consequences on marriage as well as the children (Dunlap, para 4).Hypothesis: Alcohol addiction in families is the main cause of family breakups, divorce and poor academic performance of children as well as drug abuse by young adults and also a leading killer in the United States as well as other parts of the world.Alcohol addiction in families and its effectsIn America for example, alcohol has been ranked the third cause of deaths with more than 100,000 people dying from alcohol related complications. It also costs the region about $ 150 billion annually which is lost through treatment of alcohol related complications, lost productivity, accidents and crime. It has also been the leading cause of the rising divorce cases in America as we ll as domestic violence.It is estimated that more than 14 million Americans struggle with drinking problem with about 8 million of these people being addicted to alcohol. While in the past alcohol was only being taken by men, this trend have changed with more women are becoming alcoholics. Alcohol is one of the most addictive drugs which have the potential of producing long term effects which could be devastating and terminal (Goodwin, pp 56).  In the recent past, the rate of alcohol related cases of divorce have increased in most parts of the world. However, since most of the addicts of alcohol start out as responsible drinkers, it has been hard to know when a person begins to be addicted to alcohol until it is sometimes too late. Alcohol addiction has been of rate among the top ten causes of divorce alongside infidelity and domestic violence.Alcoholism and alcohol addiction is one of the most cited reasons while filing for divorce cases in the United States as well as other coun tries around the world. Spouses who have lived long enough with alcohol addicts find it hard to continue supporting them especially due to the addictive nature of alcohol and the subsequent withdrawal symptoms which follow in attempts to stop alcohol consumption (Brian, para 4).Another effect of family alcohol addiction is that it leads to loss of livelihood of the addicted individual which usually leads to adverse effects on the family especially if the addicted person is the breadwinner. Usually, people who become addicted to alcohol find it difficult to live without it and in turn end up drinking even when working.Alcohol has been known to be a brain damager and excess consumption of the same lowers productivity of an individual hence job loss. Most of the parents who become addicted to alcohol end up losing their jobs which is devastating to the family and more so the children who lack basic necessities. Even after job loss, an addicted person continues to drink for the simple r eason that he or she cannot live without alcohol which only adds to the misery and disintegration of families.Also, the frustration and shame which comes with being unable to support a family drives a person to chronic consumption of alcohol which may lead to health complications or even at times death. This has far reaching psychological effects to the dependants of such a person. Also, a person who is addicted to alcohol becomes dependent on other family members thus increasing the family burden (Cleveland Clinic, para 2-3).Children who are reared by alcohol addicted parents are also not spared as they tend to engage in drug abuse or criminal activities to fill the void of their parents or guardians. Researches have revealed that most of the children in the rehabilitation centers have had a parent who engaged in and was addicted to alcohol.This is especially the case when both of the parents are addicted to alcohol. In such situations, children only find consolation in drug abuse as the parents are unavailable for them. With an attempt to escape the reality, children may also turn to alcohol or even other hard drugs like cocaine or heroine. The lives of such children end up being ruined just because of their parents’ addiction to alcoholism (Brian, para 6).Family addiction to alcohol is also a major contribution toward academic failure of many children. Alcohol addiction mostly of parents and other close family members affects the psychological development of an individual as well as the concentration capability.Alcohol addicts at times tend to be violent and unruly towards their family members including the children. This is in turn reflected in the academic performance of such children which is usually below the standard. Also, the social life of the children is negatively impacted by alcohol addiction in families.Children who hail from families with some members who are addicted to alcohol tend to be anti social and uncooperative. Psychologist argu e that this scenario is caused by the shame and frustration such children are put through by their alcohol addicted parents or siblings. They thus fear to associate as they feel that the other people may disown them or even discriminate them (Segal, Gerdes & Steiner, pp 235).Family alcohol addiction has been identified as a leading factor to domestic violence and other domestic related crimes like murder. Due to anger and frustration that most alcohol addicts go through especially after a divorce or loss of job, they tend to be aggressive and violent towards the other family members as a means of vetting out their frustrations. Most alcohol addicts also tend to live in denial and they blame their partners or at times the children for their failures.Most alcohol addicts also blame the family members as being the cause of their drinking habits. As they vet out their anger, they tend to be violent and may even commit murder leading to their subsequent incarceration. This leads to doubl e tragedy especially where parents either both or one are victims of alcohol addiction. Alcohol addiction is very costly to the family members as well as friends.In a recent study which was carried out in the United States, it showed that one child out to four children and this is approximately 28.6% is exposed to family alcohol dependence or alcohol abuse. There are many documented cases which correlate alcohol addiction and interpersonal violence (Adams, para 4).